Formulation of a sporophore-based supplementary food: the case of the sporophore of the edible fungal species Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex. Fries) Kummer (1871) grown on banana (Musa spp) leaves
Document Type : Original research
Authors
- Fatuma L. Luhahi 1
- Gédéon Ngiala Bongo 1
- Roger Batubenga 2
- Lionel Shotsha Asamboa 1
- Nathalie Wangi Bosawu 1
- Gisèle Kafuti Makengo 1
- Simon Mpulusu Dibaluka 1
1 Mention Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
2 Mention Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo b Faculty of Environment and Natural Resource Management, Pan-African University of Governance and Innovation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a suitable treatment for the fruiting substrate based on banana leaves to produce sporophores of Pleurotus ostreatus, and formulate some high-quality supplementary food rich in energy and proteins. The plant material consisted of maize (Zea mays L), rice (Oryza sativa) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and the fungal material used in this work consists of fungal strain 11113 of Pleurotus ostreatus. The substrate plant material used consisted of banana leaves, and these leaves were enriched with sawdust, wheat bran and spent grain. Our food supplement was obtained by mixing sporophore powder, rice flour, corn flour and peanuts in different proportions. Proximate analyses were carried out to assess the nutritional profile of the supplementary feed and organoleptic characteristics were assessed. The findings showed that the mycelium was whiter, rhizomorphic and very dense. The appearance of fruiting bodies was observed on day 7 of fruit induction and the harvesting of sporophores from the first flush took place on day 10 in the control treatment. The supplementary feed is rich in protein (20.5%), fats (9.6%) and carbohydrates (52.8%). Further trials need to be carried out on this substrate, while modifying the proportions of ingredients, in order to improve yields.
Keywords
Main Subjects
References
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Luhahi et al. JFABE 8(2): 1-10,2025
10
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Batubenga A., Lukoki F.L., Iteku J.B., Kanika D.K., Mwambay E.K., Bongo G.N., Mukaya C.B. & Dibaluka S.M. (2021a). Ethnomycological study of macromycetes used by the population of Mont-Ngafula, in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2021.2.1.0043
Batubenga R., Lukoki L.F., Bongo N.G., Iteku B.J., Kanika K.D., Mwambay K.E. & Dibaluka M.S. (2021b). Cultivation Trial of an Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Species, Pleurotus Tuber-regium (Rumph. ex Fr.) Singer 1951 (strain 190212) on Various Lignocellulosic Substrates. Open Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(2):84–93.
Bharucha Z. & Pretty J. (2010). The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 365(1554):2913-26. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0123.
Bongo N. G., Makengo K. G. & Mbemba F. T. (2019). Utilisation de la farine de Manihot esculenta Crantz dans la panification : ²Cas des variétés locales Kayeya et Mandeleni (KM) de Mukila, Bandundu. Editions Universitaires Européennes, France, 80p.
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Cheickna D., Coulibaly, M. C., Fasse, S. & Ibrahima, K. (2023). Effect of Moringa in the Quality of Flours to Fight Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Mali. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 13(2):1-7
Cush N.L., Kapende J.K., Kibanda Z.K. & Mitondo K. 2019. Discriminant Analysis of Chronic Malnutrition During Early Childhood in E Province Kwango (2013-2014). Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 18(1):13262-13272. doi: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.18.003097
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Dhillon, G. K., Kour, A. & Salazar, B. M. (2023). Potential of Pleurotus ostreatus as a novel protein source in rice-millet-based gluten-free muffins. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2191888
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Dissasa G. (2022). Cultivation of Different Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) on Coffee Waste and Determination of Their Relative Biological Efficiency and Pectinase Enzyme Production, Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology, 2022:5219939. doi: 10.1155/2022/5219939
Effiong M.E., Umeokwochi C.P., Afolabi I.S., Chinedu S.N. (2024). Assessing the nutritional quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). Frontiers in Nutrition, 10:1279208. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1279208
Eke-Ejiofor, J., Beleya, E. A. & Allen, J. E. (2023). Proximate, Mineral and Sensory Properties of Cookies Produced from Cassava-bambara Groundnut Flour Blends. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 11(1):28-33. doi:10.12691/ajfst-11-1-5
Elawati N. E., Lentari C. R., Dewi S. P. (2022). Proximate analysis of Merang mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) cultivated on Corncob and rice bran media. Natural Sciences Engineering & Technology Journal, 2(2):73-78. https://doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal.v2i2.17
Fernandes T., Garrine C., Ferrao J., Bell V. & Varzakas T. (2021). Mushroom
Luhahi et al. JFABE 8(2): 1-10,2025
10
nutrition as preventative healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Sciences, 11(9):4221-4248. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094221
Feyera, M. (2025). Processing techniques and nutrient retention in complementary foods for older infants and young children. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, 7(2), 93-103. doi: 10.22059/jfabe.2025.386057.1190
Govender I., Rangiah S., Kaswa R. & Nzaumvila D. (2004). Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Family Practice, 63(1):5337-5342. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v63i1.5337
Harrison L, Padhani Z, Salam R, Oh C., Rahim K., Maqsood M., Ali A., Charbonneau K., Keats E.C., Lassi Z.S., Imdad A., Owais A., Das J. & Bhutta, Z.A. (2023). Dietary Strategies for Complementary Feeding between 6 and 24 Months of Age: The Evidence. Nutrients, 15:3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133041
Hoare L.A. (2007). The use of non-timber forest products in the Congo Basin: Constraints and Opportunities. The Rainforest Foundation, Securing Lands, Sustaining lives, London, United Kingdom.
Ibeghouchene D. & Slimani S. (2020). Valorisation de résidus agricoles et agro industriels par la culture d’un champignon comestible, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm.: Synthèse bibliographique. Université Mouloud Mammeri De Tizi-Ouzou.
Kahambu M. (2019). Etude des rendements de deux espèces fongiques comestibles, Pleurotus florida et Auricularia auricula cultivées sur la bagasse de canne à sucre (Saccharum officinarum). [Bachelor Dissertation, University of Kinshasa].
Kandala N.B., Madungu T.P., Emina J. B., Nzita K.P. & Cappuccio F.P. (2011). Malnutrition among children under the age of five in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): does geographic location matter? BMC Public Health, 11:261. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-261.
Kurtzman R.H. and Zadrazil, F. (1982). Physiological and taxonomic considerations for cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms, in Tropical Mushrooms and Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods, Chang, S.T. and Quimio, T.H., Eds., Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp 299–348.
Lezama I. & Oyewale T. (2018). Situation of child nutrition in DRC. https://ponabana.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_Nutrition_eng.pdf.
Loria-Kohen V., Lourenço-Nogueira T., Espinosa-Salinas I., Marin F.R., Soler-Rivas C. & Ramirez de Molina A. (2014). Nutritional and functional properties of edible mushrooms: a food with promising health claims. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 4:187-198.
Marcel M.R., Chacha J.S. & Ofoedu C.E. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of complementary porridge formulated from orange-fleshed sweet potato, amaranth grain, pumpkin seed, and soybean flours. Food Sciences & Nutrition, 10(2):536-553. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2675
Mokata M. (2020). Essai de valorisation de quelques déchets végétaux par la culture d’une espèce de champignons comestibles, Pleurotus sajor-caju. Bachelor dissertation, University of Kinshasa, 56 pp.
Mutuku S.N., Lang’at E.K., Osoro E.K., Imbenzi P.S., Omolo J.O. (2022). Proximate composition, mineral element profile and antioxidant propertes of the edible Kenyan mushroom, Auricularia polytricha. Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research, 11(3):51-55. doi: 10.31254/jsir.2022.11302
Navarro-Simarro P., Gomez-Gomez L., Ahrazem O., Rubio-Moraga A. (2024). Food and human health applications of edible mushrooms by-products. New Biotechnology, 81(25):43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2024.03.003
Nilugin, S. E., Mahendran, T. & Inthujaa, Y. (2015). Studies on the formulation and quality characteristics of value added cassavamango composite flour biscuits. Tropical Agricultural Research & Extension, 18(2):47-56
Nyamokombo M. (2019). Etude de rendement de deux espèces de champignons comestibles, Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer Et Auricularia cornea Ehrenb cultivées sur les inflorescences males des palmiers à huile (Elaeis guineens Jacq). Bachelor Dissertation, University of Kinshasa, 68 pp.
Nzuzi M.P. (2017). Etude de rendement d’une Espèce de champignons comestibles Pleurotus frorida Sing. sur les pseudo-troncs de bananier. Bachelor Dissertation, University of Kinshasa, 62 pp.
Oei P. (1993). La culture des champignons: pointes sur les techniques CTA, Tool, Amsterdam (Pays bas).
Oei P. (2005). Small scale mushroom cultivation. Oyster, Shiitake and Wood ear mushrooms. Translated by Ninette de Zylva. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agromisa Foundation and CTA.
Okoro L. O., Achuba F. I. (2012). Proximate and mineral analysis of some wild edible mushrooms. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(30):7720-7724. doi: 10.5897/AJB11.590
Oyenike, O. O., Adebowale, A. O., Tolulope, A. G. & Danladi, O. O. (2022).
Comparative studies of the proximate composition, and antinutritional factors of Garcinia kola. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, 5(2):123-128.
Pérez-Moreno J., Guerin-Laguette A., Rinaldi A.C., Yu F., Verbeken A., Hernandez-Santiago F. & Martinez-Reyes M. (2021). Edible mycorrhizal fungi of the world: What is their role in forest sustainability, food security, biocultural conservation and climate change? Plants, People, Planet, 3(5):471-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10199
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