Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of selected soybean varieties and their suitability to incorporate into wheat bread

Document Type : Original research

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. 11600

2 DFST, FLFN Wayamba University of Sri Lanka

Abstract

This study evaluates the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of selected soybean varieties, Sri Lankan P.B 1 and Indian MACS-330. The methanolic extracts of soybean were in-vitro evaluated for their antioxidant, α–amylase, and amyloglucosidase inhibitory activities. Mixed flours with different proportions of soy flour (3%, 5%, and 8%), in wheat flour were investigated for their bread quality. Sensory properties of the bread were evaluated by trained panelists and the proximate composition of bread was assessed according to AOAC procedures. The research results show that the inhibition activity of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from each variety. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the Sri Lankan P.B 1 variety was not significantly difference (p > 0.05) than the Indian MACS-330 variety. The methanolic extracts from soybean may inhibit key-enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes, and thus may explain part of the mechanism by which soybeans exerts this health-promoting effect. As soy flour content increased, all the macro-nutrient parameters increased except carbohydrate content. The highest overall sensory score was the bread with 5% added soybean from Sri Lankan P.B 1. In conclusion, the functional and nutritional properties of the bread can be improved by the addition of soy flour.

Keywords

Main Subjects

AOAC, 2000. Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal
Chemists, 10th Ed. Methods 54-21 and 10-10B. AACC
International, St. Paul, M.N.
AOAC, 1995. Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal
Chemists, 10th Ed. Methods 54-21 and 10-10B. AACC
International, St. Paul, M.N.
Ademiluyi, A.O. and Oboh, G., 2013. Soybean phenolic-rich extracts inhibit
key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-
glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme)
in vitro. Experimental and toxicologic pathology, 65(3), pp.305-
309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2011.09.005
Bakris, G.L., Williams, M., Dworkin, L., Elliott, W.J., Epstein, M., Toto, R.,
Tuttle, K., Douglas, J., Hsueh, W. and Sowers, J., 2000.
Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and
diabetes: a consensus approach. American Journal of kidney
diseases, 36(3), pp.646-661.
https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2000.16225
Barber, E., Houghton, M.J. and Williamson, G., 2021. Flavonoids as human
intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitors. Foods, 10(8), p.1939.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081939
Chandrasekara, A. and Joseph Kumar, T., 2016. Roots and tuber crops as
functional foods: a review on phytochemical constituents and
their potential health benefits. International Journal of food
science, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3631647
Chauhan, G.S., Zillman, R.R., Eskin, N.A.M., 1992. Dough mixing and
breadmaking properties of quinoa-wheat flour blends. Int. J.
Food. Sci. Tech. 27, 701–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-
2621.1992.tb01241.x
Chiranthika, N.N.G., Gunathilake, K.D.P.P. and Chandrasekara, A., 2020.
Potential Applications of Cereals and Yams as Functional Foods
to Reduce the Risk of Chronic Non-Communicable
Diseases. Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, 7(4), pp.53-
69. DOI:10.9734/AJRB/2020/v7i430148
Chiranthika, N.N.G., Chandrasekara, A. and Gunathilake, K.D.P.P., 2021. In
vitro α amylase and amyloglucosidase inhibitory activities of
selected underutilized cereals, yams, and root crops. Journal of
Medicinal Plants, 9(3), pp.105-110.
https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2021.v9.i3b.1271
Chiranthika, N.N.G., Chandrasekara, A. and Gunathilake, K.D.P.P., 2022.
Physicochemical characterization of flours and starches derived
from selected underutilized roots and tuber crops grown in Sri
Lanka. Food Hydrocolloids, 124, p.107272.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107272
Epstein, M. and Sowers, J.R., 1992. Diabetes mellitus and
hypertension. Hypertension, 19(5), pp.403-418.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.19.5.403
Farzana, T. and Mohajan, S., 2015. Effect of incorporation of soy flour to
wheat flour on nutritional and sensory quality of biscuits fortified
with mushroom. Food science & nutrition, 3(5), pp.363-
369. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.228
Georgetti, S.R., Casagrande, R., Vicentini, F.T.M.D.C., Verri Jr, W.A. and
Fonseca, M.J.V., 2006. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of
soybean extract by different in vitro methods and investigation of
this activity after its incorporation in topical
formulations. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics, 64(1), pp.99-106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.04.003
Hettiarachchi, H. A. C. O., Gunathilake, K. D. P. P., & Jayatilake, S. (2021).
Effect of In-vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Dialysis Process
on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected
Underutilized Fruits in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research,
32(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v32i2.8468
Huang, S.M., Wu, C.H. and Yen, G.C., 2006. Effects of flavonoids on the
expression of the pro‐inflammatory response in human monocytes
induced by ligation of the receptor for AGEs. Molecular nutrition
& food research, 50(12), pp.1129-1139.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600075
Janghorbani, M., Van Dam, R.M., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2007. A
systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk
of fracture. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(5), pp.495-
505. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm106
Julianti, E., Rusmarilin, H. and Yusraini, E., 2017. Functional and rheological
properties of composite flour from sweet potato, maize, soybean
and xanthan gum. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural
Sciences, 16(2), pp.171-177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.05.005
Kisambira, A., Muyonga, J.H., Byaruhanga, Y.B., Tukamuhabwa, P.,
Tumwegamire, S. and Gruneberg, W.J., 2015. Composition and
functional properties of yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) seed flour.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2015.68076
Liu, J., Chang, S.K. and Wiesenborn, D., 2005. Antioxidant properties of
soybean isoflavone extract and tofu in vitro and in vivo. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(6), pp.2333-2340.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048552e
Table 7. The independent t- test results on color changes of different levels of incorporated Soybean flour for Wheat Bread. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of
triplicate readings. Values with the same superscript on the same row are not significantly different (P > 0.05). *L value represents lightness a* value indicates
redness b* indicates yellowness.
Variety Crumb color Crust Color
a* b* L* a* b* L*
Control 64.27a±1.05 0.35f±0.2 0.21d±0.55 46.55a±0.26 5.86d±0.45 0.44e±0.12
S. L variety 3% 56.40bc±1.54 1.02d±0.35 0.32cd±0.12 43.54b±1.57 8.86b±0.61 0.37e±0.14
S. L variety 5% 47.95e±0.55 1.82b±0.15 0.34c±0.38 42.06b±0.70 9.35b±0.28 0.42e±0.65
S. L variety 8% 48.06f±0.81 2.66a±0.19 0.51a±0.15 38.10c±1.64 12.50a±0.16 0.67cd±0.86
Indian variety 3% 56.20c±0.65 0.57e±0.95 0.16e±0.25 45.49ab±1.07 7.35c±0.15 0.55d±0.25
Indian variety 5% 54.70cd±0.52 1.00d±0.49 0.36bc±0.17 43.40b±0.97 9.25b±0.15 0.96a±0.01
Indian variety 8% 52.17e±0.72 1.44c±0.15 0.48b±0.13 47.10a±0.68 12.99a±0.44 0.85bc±0.02
Table 8. The independent t-test results on baking losses (%) and the specific volume (g/cm3) of the different incorporation levels of the bread. Values represent the mean ±
standard deviation of triplicate readings. Values with the same superscript on the same row are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Result Control Sri Lankan Soybean flour Variety Indian Soybean Flour
3% 5% 8% 3% 5% 8%%
Baking Loses (%) 15.12a±0.12 14.2a±0.05 14.1a±0.08 12.8a±0.04 13.2a±0.05 13.5a±0.02 12.7a±0.07
Specific volume(g/cm3) 2.70a±0.13 2.64a±0.66 2.50ab±0.06 1.06d±0.10 2.56a±0.11 2.24b±0.09 1.72c±0.23
Jeewanthi et al. JFBE 7(1): 1-8,2024
8
Malenčić, D., Maksimović, Z., Popović, M. and Miladinović, J., 2008.
Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of soybean seed
extracts. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), pp.6688-6691.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.040
Ma, K.K., Greis, M., Lu, J., Nolden, A.A., McClements, D.J. and Kinchla,
A.J., 2022. Functional performance of plant
proteins. Foods, 11(4), p.594.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040594
Mesa, M.D., Silván, J.M., Olza, J., Gil, Á. and del Castillo, M.D., 2008.
Antioxidant properties of soy protein–fructooligosaccharide
glycation systems and its hydrolyzates. Food research
international, 41(6), pp.606-615.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2008.03.010
Mugabi, R., Byakika, S. and Mukisa, I.M., 2022. Effects of Feed Moisture
Content, Soybean Ratio, and Barrel Temperature on Physical and
Functional Properties of Extruded Maize-Soybean Flour
Blends. Tanzania Journal of Science, 48(2), pp.447-459.
DOI: 10.4314/tjs.v48i2.19
Muttakin, S., Kim, M.S. and Lee, D.U., 2015. Tailoring physicochemical and
sensorial properties of defatted soybean flour using jet-milling
technology. Food Chemistry, 187, pp.106-111.
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.104
Prabakaran, M., Lee, K.J., An, Y., Kwon, C., Kim, S., Yang, Y., Ahmad, A.,
Kim, S.H. and Chung, I.M., 2018. Changes in soybean (Glycine
max L.) flour fatty-acid content based on storage temperature and
duration. Molecules, 23(10), p.2713.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102713
Prakash D., Upadhyay, G., Singh, B.N. and Singh, H.B., 2007. Antioxidant
and free radical-scavenging activities of seeds and agri-wastes of
some varieties of soybean (Glycine max). Food
Chemistry, 104(2), pp.783-790.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.029
Ragaee, S., Abdel-Aal, E.S.M., 2006. Pasting properties of starch and protein
in selected cereals and quality of their products. Food Chem. 95,
9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.012
Ramdath, D.D., Padhi, E.M., Sarfaraz, S., Renwick, S. and Duncan, A.M.,
2017. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein: a
review of the effects of dietary soy and its constituents on risk
factors for cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 9(4),
p.324. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040324
Rao, H.P., Hemamalini, R., 1991. Effect of incorporating wheat bran on
rheological characteristics and bread making the quality of the
flour. J. Food Sci. Tech. 28, 92–
97.http://ir.cftri.res.in/id/eprint/8008.
Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J. and Paganga, G., 1996. Structure-antioxidant
activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free
radical biology and medicine, 20(7), pp.933-956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Saito, N., Sakai, H., Suzuki, S., Sekihara, H. and Yajima, Y., 1998. Effect of
an α-glucosidase inhibitor (voglibose), in combination with
sulphonylureas, on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes
patients. Journal of International Medical Research, 26(5),
pp.219-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/030006059802600501
Shittu, T.A., Raji, A.O., Sanni, A.O., 2007. Effect of baking time on some
physical properties of bread loaf. Food Res Int. 40 (2), 280–290.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2006.10.012
Shobana, S., Sreerama, Y.N. and Malleshi, N.G., 2009. Composition and
enzyme inhibitory properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana
L.) seed coat phenolics: Mode of inhibition of α-glucosidase and
pancreatic amylase. Food Chemistry, 115(4), pp.1268-1273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.042
Stobaugh, H.C., Ryan, K.N., Kennedy, J.A., Grise, J.B., Crocker, A.H.,
Thakwalakwa, C., Litkowski, P.E., Maleta, K.M., Manary, M.J.
and Trehan, I., 2016. Including whey protein and whey permeate
in ready-to-use supplementary food improves recovery rates in
children with moderate acute malnutrition: a randomized, doubleblind
clinical trial. The American Journal of clinical
nutrition, 103(3), pp.926-933.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.124636
Taghdir, M., Mazloomi, S.M., Honar, N., Sepandi, M., Ashourpour, M. and
Salehi, M., 2017. Effect of soy flour on nutritional,
physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of gluten‐free
bread. Food Science & Nutrition, 5(3), pp.439-
445 https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.411
Yu, X., Yang, T., Qi, Q., Du, Y., Shi, J., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang,
Z. and Yan, N., 2021. Comparison of the contents of phenolic
compounds including flavonoids and antioxidant activity of rice
(Oryza sativa) and Chinese wild rice (Zizania latifolia). Food
Chemistry, 344, p.128600.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128600
Yusnawan, E., 2018, January. Effects of different extraction methods on total
phenolic content and antioxidant activity in soybean cultivars. In
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol.
102, p. 012039). IOP Publishing. DOI 10.1088/1755-
1315/102/1/012039